Ukukhethwa Kwesakhiwo Sebhethri Kwezimo Zokushaja Nezokukhipha Ezisezingeni Eliphezulu: Ukuqongelela Noma Ukugoqa?

Yasungulwa ngo-2002, igxile ekukhiqizeni imishini yokuxhumana kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokugcinwa kwamandla, futhi ingumlingani othembekile wabaqhubi bezokuxhumana abane abakhulu baseShayina.

Uma uhlelo lokugcina amandla kufanele ngesikhathi esisodwa lunikeze amandla aphezulu, impendulo yezinga le-millisecond, kanye nokusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sebhethri akuseyona nje inkinga yenqubo yokukhiqiza. Esikhundleni salokho, kuba yipharamitha yesistimu eyinhloko enquma ukulawula ukumelana kwangaphakathi, ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kokushisa, kanye nempilo yomjikelezo. Ikakhulukazi ezimweni zokukhokha/zokukhipha amandla ze 3C–10C nangaphezulu, isakhiwo sangaphakathi seseli sithinta ngqo ukusatshalaliswa kokumelana, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-electrochemical, izindlela zokusabalalisa ukushisa, kanye nokuphathwa kokucindezeleka komshini.

Konjiniyela ababandakanyeka ekukhetheni izinhlelo zokugcina amandla, ukuqonda umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi amabhethri e-lithium ahlanganisiwe futhi amaseli amanxeba ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezisezingeni eliphezulu kubalulekile ekufezeni ukwakheka kohlelo okuthembekile.

Lesi sihloko sihlaziya ngokuhlelekile ukusebenza kobuchwepheshe bezinhlobo ezahlukene izakhiwo zebhethri ekusetshenzisweni kwesilinganiso esiphakeme okuvela emibonweni eminingi, kufaka phakathi indlela yamanje, i-electrochemical impedance, ukuziphatha kwe-thermodynamic, ukucindezeleka kwesakhiwo, kanye nokuhambisana kokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu. Iphinde ihlole inani labo lobunjiniyela elisebenzayo ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo wokugcina amandla wangempela.

1. Izindlela Zokuxhumanisa Nge-Electrochemical-Structural Ngaphansi Kwezimo Eziphezulu

Ngaphansi kwezimo zezinga eliphansi (≤1C), ukulahleka kwamandla ebhethri kuvela kakhulu ekumelaneni okungaphakathi kwezinto kanye nokumelana nokuthuthwa kwe-ionic kwe-electrolyte, kuyilapho umthelela womehluko wesakhiwo ulinganiselwe.
Kodwa-ke, uma izinga selidlulile 3C, ukumelana kwe-ohmic (Rₒ), ukumelana nokushaja nokudluliselwa (Rct), kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-concentration kuyanda ngokushesha, futhi inkinga yokusatshalaliswa kwamanje okungalingani ngaphakathi kweseli iqala ukuvela.

I-voltage yokugcina yebhethri ingachazwa kanje:

lapho Rₒ kuhlobene kakhulu nobude bendlela yamanje kumqoqi wamanje we-electrode.

Esakhiweni senxeba, ugesi udluliselwa ngobude beshidi le-electrode, okuholela endleleni ende yokuthutha i-electron. Ngokuphambene nalokho, isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sisebenzisa amathebhu amaningi axhunywe ngokuhambisana ukuze ahlukanise ugesi, okuvumela ukuthi udlule kuma-electrode ohlangothini lobukhulu, okunciphisa kakhulu ibanga lokuthutha i-electron. Ngaphansi kokukhishwa kwe-pulse yesivinini esiphezulu, lo mehluko endleleni yamanje ubonakala ngqo ekwehleni kwe-voltage kanye nokuqina kokukhiqiza ukushisa.

Ukuhlolwa kobunjiniyela kuvame ukukhombisa ukuthi lapho izinga lokukhishwa likhuphuka kusuka ku- 1C ku-5C,
ijika lokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa lamaseli enxeba linomthambeka ophakeme kakhulu kunoweseli elihlanganisiwe, okubonisa ukuthi
ukuhlushwa okugqamile kobuningi bamanje bangaphakathi. Lo mphumela wokuhlushwa awuthinti nje kuphela ngokushesha
ukusebenza kahle, kodwa futhi kusheshisa ukuwohloka kwefilimu ye-SEI, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa impilo yomjikelezo.

2. Izici Zobuchwepheshe kanye Nemikhawulo Yezinga Eliphezulu Yesakhiwo Senxeba

Inqubo yokugoqa iyindlela yobuchwepheshe evuthiwe kakhulu embonini yebhethri le-lithium futhi ifaneleka kakhulu kumaseli asilinda kanye namanye amaseli e-prismatic. Isici sayo esiyinhloko ukuthi i-cathode, i-separator, kanye ne-anode zihlala zigobile ngokulandelana i-cathode–isihlukanisi–i-anode–isihlukanisi ukwakha isakhiwo se-jelly-roll.

Lo mklamo unikeza izinzuzo eziningana, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphezulu, imishini evuthiwe, izindleko ezingalawuleki, kanye nokungaguquguquki okuhle.

Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okuphezulu, izakhiwo zamanxeba zibhekene nemikhawulo eminingana engokomzimba okunzima ukuyigwema.

Okokuqala, imiklamo yethebhu eyodwa noma yethebhu elinganiselwe kungaholela ekugxilweni kwamanje. Lapho ugesi ophezulu udlula esitokisini, ugesi uvame ukugeleza kangcono ezindaweni eziseduze namathebhu, okudala izindawo ezishisayo zendawo.

Okwesibili, ukuba khona kwe- umongo ongaphakathi ongenalutho kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwevolumu, kunciphisa isikhala sokuthuthukiswa okwengeziwe kobuningi bamandla.

Okwesithathu, ukugoba kwamashidi e-electrode ngesikhathi senqubo yokugoba kwethula ukucindezeleka okusele komshini, okwenza ukuchitheka kwezinto ezisebenzayo kube lula kakhulu ngesikhathi sokujikeleza okujwayelekile okuphezulu.

Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bokugoba amathebhu amaningi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugoba ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ama-multi-tab bunganciphisa ezinye zalezi zinkinga, isakhiwo esingokwemvelo sisaholela ezindleleni zokuthutha ama-electron ezinde futhi kwenza kube nzima ukunciphisa kakhulu ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ezisetshenzisweni lapho ukusebenza kwezinga eliphezulu kuyinjongo eyinhloko, izakhiwo zamanxeba kancane kancane zithatha indawo yezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe.

3. Izinzuzo Zesakhiwo kanye Nesisekelo Esibonakalayo Samabhethri E-Lithium Ahlanganisiwe

Amabhethri e-lithium ahlanganisiwe zakhiwe ngokufaka ama-cathode, ama-separator, nama-anode ngezingqimba ngayinye ngayinye. Izinzuzo zazo eziyinhloko ziseku izindlela zamanje ezilungiselelwe futhi ukusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka okufanayo.

Okokuqala, ngokombono wokusatshalaliswa kwamanje, izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukusebenzisa amathebhu amaningi ahambisanayo, okuvumela ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje okufanayo kakhulu kuyo yonke indiza ye-electrode. Ugesi udlula ezingqimbeni ze-electrode ohlangothini lobukhulu, ufinyeza kakhulu indlela futhi ngaleyo ndlela unciphise ukumelana kwe-ohmic. Ezimweni zokukhishwa ezingenhla 5C, ukuthuthuka okubangelwa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuba sobala kakhulu.

Okwesibili, maqondana nokuphathwa kokushisa, ukuhlelwa okunezendlalelo kwesakhiwo esihlanganisiwe kuvumela ukukhiqizwa kokushisa ukuthi kufane kakhulu, kuyilapho kususa indawo yokuqongelela ukushisa ebangelwa yi-hollow core kumaseli amanxeba. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kokushisa okufanayo kunciphisa ingozi yokushisa kakhulu endaweni futhi kuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sensimu yokushisa esikahle kakhulu sokupholisa uketshezi olusezingeni lemojuli noma ukwakheka kohlelo lokupholisa umoya.

Okwesithathu, maqondana nokuzinza kwemishini, izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zigwema ukugoba kwe-electrode futhi zinikeze ukusatshalaliswa kokucindezeleka okulinganayo.
Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza ngesivinini esiphezulu, imvamisa yokwanda nokufinyela kwe-electrode iyanda. Ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe kunganciphisa ingozi yokuguquguquka kwesihlukanisi kanye nezifunda ezincane ezimfushane ezibangelwa ukuhlushwa kokucindezeleka. Idatha yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi, ngaphansi kohlelo olufanayo lwezinto, amaseli ahlanganisiwe ngokuvamile abonisa izinga lokugcina amandla liphezulu ngaphezu kuka-10% kunamaseli amanxeba ekuhlolweni komjikelezo wezinga eliphezulu.

4. Ukubaluleka Kwezinga Lesistimu Kobuningi Bamandla Nokusetshenziswa Kwesikhala

Ekuklanyweni kwesistimu yokugcina amandla, ubuningi bamandla abuthinti nje kuphela amapharamitha weseli elilodwa, kodwa futhi nomklamo wekhabhinethi iyonke kanye nomnotho wephrojekthi. Ingaphakathi elingaphakathi elingenalutho lamaseli amanxeba linciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwevolumu ngokungenakugwenywa, kanti izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokugcwalisa isikhala ngokufaka izingqimba ezisicaba.

Kokubili inkolelo kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe zingafeza cishe Ubuningi bamandla obuphezulu obungu-5%–10%.

Ngezinhlelo zokugcina amandla zezentengiselwano nezezimboni, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuhunyushwa ku:

• Phezulu kWh/m³
• Umklamo wekhabhinethi yokugcina izinto ezincane kakhulu
• Izidingo zesikhala segumbi lemishini ephansi
• Isakhiwo esingcono sezindleko zokuhamba nokufakwa

Uma isikali sesistimu sifinyelela ku- Izinga le-MWh, ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwesikhala okubangelwa ukungafani kwesakhiwo kungaguqulwa kube izinzuzo ezinkulu zezindleko zobunjiniyela.

5. Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Zenqubo Yokunqwabelana kanye Nemikhuba Yemboni

Inqubo yokufaka imishini idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kwemishini, inesikhathi sokukhiqiza esihamba kancane kunokusonga, futhi ihilela ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwemishini okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvuthwa kwemishini imishini yokufaka inqwaba esheshayo, izinhlelo zokuqondanisa umbono, kanye nemishini yokusika nokufaka inqwaba ehlanganisiwe, ukusebenza kwayo kahle kuthuthuke kakhulu. Eminye imishini ethuthukisiwe kakade isilethe ukusebenza kahle kokunqwabelanisa eduze nokwezinqubo zokugoqa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kwe ubuchwepheshe be-dry-electrode futhi ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-hybrid stack-wind ivumela izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ukuthi zilondoloze izinzuzo zokusebenza ngenkathi inciphisa kancane kancane igebe lezindleko.

Ukuncintisana kwesikhathi esizayo ngeke kusaba yindaba nje yokuhlanganisa izinto ngokuqhathanisa, kodwa kunalokho kuzoba ukufuna ibhalansi efanele phakathi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle.

6. Kusukela Esakhiweni Seseli Kuya Ekuhlanganisweni Kobunjiniyela Bezinga Lesistimu

Ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla, ukukhetha isakhiwo seseli kumele kucatshangelwe ngokubambisana nomklamo wezinga lesistimu.

Amaseli ahlanganisiwe anokumelana okuphansi asebenza kangcono ezimweni zokunwetshwa ezihambisanayo, enikeza ukuqina okungcono kwe-voltage futhi enza kube lula nge-BMS ukusebenza Ukulinganisa kwe-SOC nokulawula ukulinganiselaNgesikhathi esifanayo, izici zabo zokusatshalaliswa kokushisa zifanelana kangcono nezidingo zokushaja/ukukhipha ngokushesha kwezinhlelo ze-inverter ezinamandla aphezulu.

Ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yethu yokugcina amandla e-modular, samukela isixazululo sebhethri le-lithium-ion esingakwazi ukuhlanganiswa ehlanganisa izakhiwo zamaseli ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ne-BMS ehlakaniphile ukuze kufezwe ukwanda kwamandla okuguquguquka kanye nokukhishwa okuzinzile kwezinga eliphezulu. Uhlelo lusekela ukushaja okusheshayo nokukhipha, lunesikhathi eside somjikelezo kanye nokugcinwa okuphansi, futhi lufanelekela isitoreji samandla sezentengiselwano nezimboni, ukuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji se-PV, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla okusekelayo anamandla amakhulu.

Idizayini ye-modular ayigcini nje ngokunciphisa ingcindezi yokutshalwa kwezimali kusengaphambili, kodwa futhi yenza ukwanda kwamandla esikhathini esizayo kube lula kakhulu.

7. I-Logic Yokwenza Isinqumo Sobunjiniyela Yokukhetha Isakhiwo

Ekwenzeni kobunjiniyela, ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo kufanele kuhlolwe ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe kulezi zilinganiso ezilandelayo:

• Uma uhlelo lokusebenza luyi- izinga eliphansi futhi elibucayi ezindleko, isakhiwo senxeba sinikeza izinzuzo zokuvuthwa kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.
• Uma uhlelo ludinga ukushaya kwenhliziyo okuvame ukuba namandla aphezulu, ikhono lokushaja/lokukhipha ngokushesha, noma impilo yomjikelezo omude, isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sinikeza izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe eziqinile.
• Uma iphrojekthi iqhubeka amandla amaningi kanye nomklamo omncane kakhulu, isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe singcono kakhulu maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala kanye nokuphathwa kokushisa.

Ingqikithi yezicelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ukubaluleka kwamandla kunokubaluleka kwamandla.
Uma inhloso yesistimu ishintsha kusuka ekugcinweni kwamandla okulula kuya ekusekelweni kwamandla kanye nempendulo eguquguqukayo, ukukhetha isakhiwo sebhethri kumele iqhubekele ekumelaneni okuphansi kwangaphakathi kanye nokufana okuphezulu.

Isakhiwo Singukuncintisana Esikhathini Esiphezulu

Ngayo izindlela zamanje ezimfushane, ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa okufanayo, kanye nokuzinza okungcono kwemishini, lo ibhethri le-lithium elihlanganisiwe iyasetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu ezisetshenzisweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ezinkampanini ezihlela izinhlelo zokugcina amandla noma ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yazo, ukukhetha isakhiwo sebhethri esifanele akuyona nje inkinga yobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi kuyindaba yokuthembeka kwesikhathi eside kanye nembuyiselo yephrojekthi ekutshalweni kwezimali.