Yimiphi Imishini Edingekayo Ukwakha Indawo Yokuxhumana Ye-Photovoltaic? Umhlahlandlela Wokwakha Izindawo Zokuxhumana Ze-Photovoltaic

Indawo yokuxhumana nge-photovoltaic iwuhlobo olusha lwengqalasizinda oluhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza ugesi nge-photovoltaic nokwakhiwa kweziteshi zokuxhumana. Ihlinzeka ngogesi ozinzile nothembekile wemishini yokuxhumana ezindaweni ezinegridi ephansi, njengezindawo ezikude, izindawo ezinezintaba, neziqhingi. Lesi sihloko sizohlinzeka ngokubuka konke okuningiliziwe kwemishini eyinhloko neyokusiza edingekayo ekwakheni izindawo zokuxhumana nge-photovoltaic, kanye nokucatshangelwa okubalulekile kokucushwa, okunikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo kochwepheshe bemboni.

I. Imishini Yokukhiqiza Ugesi Oyinhloko

1. Amamojula e-Photovoltaic (Amaphaneli Elanga)

Amamojula e-photovoltaic “ayinhliziyo” yesistimu yonke, anesibopho sokuguqula amandla elanga abe ugesi oqondile (DC). Izindawo zokuxhumana zivame ukusebenzisa amaphaneli elanga e-silicon e-monocrystalline noma e-polycrystalline, anezilinganiso zamandla ngokuvamile ezisukela ku-200W kuya ku-400W. Inani kanye nomthamo wamamojula e-photovoltaic kumele kulungiselelwe ngokufanele ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla kwemishini yokuxhumana kanye nezimo zokukhanya kwelanga kwendawo. Kunconywa ukukhetha imikhiqizo enophawu olusebenza kahle kakhulu ekuguqulweni kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu okuqinile, kanye nokugcina umkhawulo wamandla angu-15%–20%.

2. Ama-Inverter e-Photovoltaic

Ama-inverter aguqula amandla e-DC akhiqizwa amamojula e-photovoltaic abe amandla e-AC ukuze asetshenziswe yimishini yokuxhumana. Kumasayithi okuxhumana, ama-inverter e-sine wave ahlanzekile ayanconywa, njengoba ekhiqiza i-waveform ehlanzekile ekhiphayo evikela imishini yokuxhumana ebucayi. Ngokuphathelene nokukhethwa kwamandla, amandla alinganiswe yi-inverter kufanele abe makhulu ngokuphindwe ka-1.5 kuya ku-2 kunokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele kwemishini yokuxhumana ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile ngisho nangesikhathi semithwalo ephezulu.

3. Ibhange Lebhethri

Ibhange lamabhethri lisebenza “njengesitsha samandla” sezindawo zokuxhumana ze-photovoltaic, lihlinzeka ngamandla emishinini yokuxhumana ebusuku noma ngesikhathi sezulu esinamafu noma esinemvula. Izinhlobo ezintathu ezivamile amabhethri e-lead-acid, amabhethri e-gel, namabhethri e-lithium-ion. Amabhethri e-lead-acid aphansi ngezindleko kodwa aphila isikhathi esifushane; amabhethri e-gel awanakekelwa kahle futhi afanelekela izindawo ezingenamuntu; yize amabhethri e-lithium-ion ebiza kakhulu, anikeza impilo yomjikelezo omude kanye nobuningi bamandla aphezulu, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuthandwayo kwezindawo eziphezulu. Umthamo webhethri kumele ubalwe ngokusekelwe enanini eliphezulu lendawo lezinsuku zemvula ezilandelanayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwansuku zonke okumaphakathi kwemishini yokuxhumana.

II. Imishini Yokusabalalisa Nokulawula Amandla

1. Isilawuli se-PV

Isilawuli se-PV sisebenza “njengobuchopho” besistimu yokukhiqizwa kwamandla e-photovoltaic. Siphatha inqubo yokushaja kusukela kumamojula e-PV kuya kumabhethri, sivimbela ukushaja ngokweqile nokuchitha ngokweqile, futhi sandisa impilo yebhethri. Kumasayithi okuxhumana, kunconywa ukukhetha isilawuli se-MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), esingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamandla ngo-15%–30% uma kuqhathaniswa nabalawuli be-PWM. Amandla kagesi alinganisiwe esilawuli kufanele abe ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingu-1.25 zamandla kagesi afushane amamojula e-PV.

2. Ikhabhinethi Yokusabalalisa Amandla

Ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa amandla isetshenziselwa ukuphathwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi okuphakathi, futhi ifaka izingxenye zokuvikela ezifana nama-circuit breakers, ama-fuse, kanye nezivikeli zokukhuphuka. Ikhabhinethi yokusabalalisa amandla endaweni yokuxhumana kumele ibe nemisebenzi eminingi yokuvikela, okuhlanganisa ukuvikela umbani, ukuvikela ukulayisha ngokweqile, kanye nokuvikela i-short-circuit, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokunikezwa kwamandla. Ikhabhinethi kufanele ibe nesilinganiso sokuvikela se-IP65 ukuze imelane nezimo zangaphandle ezinzima.

3. Uhlelo Lokuqapha

Uhlelo lokuqapha olukude lusebenza “njengamehlo” esayithi lokuxhumana le-PV, olukwazi ukuqapha ngesikhathi sangempela amapharamitha abalulekile njengokukhiqizwa kwamandla kwemojuli ye-PV, izinga lokushaja kwebhethri, isimo se-inverter, kanye nokushisa kwe-ambient. Idatha idluliselwa esikhungweni sokuqapha ngamanethiwekhi e-4G/5G noma ukuxhumana kwesathelayithi, okuvumela ukusebenza okunganakwa kanye nezaziso zamaphutha. Uhlelo lokuqapha kufanele lufake imisebenzi efana nokugcinwa kwedatha yomlando, izaziso ze-alamu, kanye nokulawula okude.

III. Imishini Yokwakha Nokufaka

1. Izinhlelo Zokufaka i-PV

Izinhlelo zokufaka ze-PV zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela nokusekela amamojula e-photovoltaic; uhlobo olufanele kumele lukhethwe ngokusekelwe ezimweni zesimo sendawo yokufaka. Ekufakweni okufakwe phansi, izisekelo zekhonkrithi noma izinqwaba zezikulufo zingasetshenziswa; ukufakwa kophahla kudinga ukucatshangelwa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo kanye nokuvimbela amanzi; ukufakwa kwe-slope kudinga izinhlelo zokufaka ezilungisekayo. Izinto zokufaka kufanele zibe yinsimbi egobile noma i-aluminium alloy eshisayo, enikeza ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqwala.

2. Amakhabethe namaRakhi

Imishini yokuxhumana kumele ifakwe kumakhabethe anezilinganiso zokuvikela eziphezulu. Amakhabethe ngokuvamile anezilinganiso zokuvikela ze-IP55 noma ze-IP65, ahlinzeka ngamakhono okuvikela uthuli, amanzi angangeni, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Ingaphakathi lamakhabethe lidinga ukwakheka okunengqondo okunendawo eyanele yokushabalalisa ukushisa futhi kumele lifakwe uhlelo lokulawula izinga lokushisa (amafeni noma umoya opholile) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imishini isebenza ezingeni lokushisa elifanele.

3. Izintambo Nezixhumi

Izinhlelo ze-photovoltaic zidinga ukusetshenziswa kwezintambo ze-PV ezikhethekile ezinokumelana ne-UV, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphansi. Izintambo zikagesi zemishini yokuxhumana kufanele zivikelwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Zonke izixhumi kumele zingangeni manzi futhi zingangeni uthuli; kunconywa imikhiqizo yezinga lezimboni njengezixhumi ze-MC4.

IV. Imishini Yokuphepha Neyokusiza

1. Uhlelo Lokuvikela Umbani

Njengoba izindawo zokuxhumana ze-PV zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile, ukuvikelwa kombani kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinduku zombani namadivayisi okuvikela ukukhuphuka (ama-SPD) kumele afakwe, futhi kufanele kusungulwe uhlelo olufanele lokusekela umhlaba. Ukumelana nokusekela umhlaba kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-10 Ω ukuqinisekisa ukuhlakazeka kombane okuphephile ngesikhathi sokushaya kombani.

2. Izinsiza Zokuphepha Zomlilo

Ingaphakathi lekhabhinethi kufanele lifakwe izinhlelo zokucima umlilo ezizenzakalelayo (njengezinhlelo zegesi ze-heptafluoropropane), kanye nemishini yokulwa nomlilo njengezicishamlilo zomlilo ezinempuphu eyomile kufanele zibekwe endaweni. Uhlelo lokuqapha kufanele luhlanganise imisebenzi ye-alamu yomusi kanye nokushisa.

3. Imishini Yokuqapha Imvelo

Faka imishini yokuqapha imvelo efana nezinzwa zokushisa nomswakama, kanye nezinzwa zesivinini somoya kanye nesiqondiso, ukuze unikeze ukwesekwa kwedatha yezemvelo yokusebenza kwesistimu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, uhlelo lungalungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isu lalo lokusebenza ukuze luvikele ukuphepha kwemishini.

V. Amaphuzu Ayisihluthulelo Nokuncoma Kokucushwa

1. Isimiso Sokufanisa Amandla

Umthamo wamamojula we-photovoltaic, umthamo webhethri, kanye namandla e-inverter kumele kufane ngokufanele. Ngokuvamile, ukucushwa kulandela isilinganiso “samandla emojula ye-photovoltaic: umthamo webhethri: amandla e-inverter = 1:1.2:1.5,” yize kufanele kwenziwe ukulungiswa okuqondile ngokusekelwe ezimweni zokukhanya kwelanga kwendawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwemishini yokuxhumana.

2. Umklamo Wokuphindaphindwa Kwemisebenzi

Uma kucatshangelwa izici ezifana nokuguga kwemishini kanye nokuwohloka kokusebenza kahle, kunconywa ukugcina ukuphindaphinda kwamandla angu-20%–30% ngesikhathi sokuklama uhlelo. Kumishini ebalulekile njengabalawuli nama-inverter, kunconywa ukucushwa kokuphindaphinda kwe-N+1.

3. Ukunakekela Kalula

Ukuhlelwa kwemishini kufanele kube lula ukugcinwa nokulungiswa, kube nendawo eyanele yokusebenza egciniwe. Amabhange ebhethri kufanele afakwe ezindaweni ezinomoya omuhle ukuze kube lula ukushintshwa. Uhlelo lokuqapha kufanele lunikeze ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngesimo semishini ukuze kube lula ukuxilongwa kwamaphutha.

4. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindleko-Inzuzo

Lapho kukhethwa imishini, izici ezifana nokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala, izindleko ze-O&M, kanye nesikhathi sesevisi kumele zicatshangelwe ngokuphelele. Nakuba imishini ephezulu ihilela ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala okuphezulu, inganciphisa izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi (TCO) esikhathini eside.

Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokuxhumana nge-photovoltaic kuyiphrojekthi yobunjiniyela ehlelekile edinga ukukhetha ukucushwa kwemishini efanele ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezithile zohlelo lokusebenza. Kunconywa ukwenza ucwaningo lwendawo olunemininingwane kanye nokuhlaziywa komthwalo ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokwakha olunengqondo ngokwesayensi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kusungulwe uhlelo lokuphatha oluphelele lwe-O&M, olunokuhlolwa njalo kwemishini kanye nokugcinwa kwayo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwesikhathi eside kwezindawo zokuxhumana. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe be-photovoltaic kanye nokwehla okuqhubekayo kwezindleko, izindawo zokuxhumana nge-photovoltaic zizodlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi, zinikeze ukumbozwa kokuxhumana okuthembekile ezindaweni ezikude.